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In various sports, a professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play intended to bring about an advantage for the perpetrator. Professional fouls are usually committed to prevent an opponent from scoring. == Association football == The most common professional foul in Association football is blocking a player in an advantage position that is not yet close to the goal. Those fouls are usually punished by just a Yellow card, and are considered a fairly advantageous tactic. However, when the fouled player is in a very advanced position, the penalty is harsher, making it an inferior strategy, yet it is still sometimes the correct play. () The Laws of the Game make specific provision for penalising fouls that are intended to prevent a goal being scored. Should a defending player consider that an attacker is more likely to score from the current playing position than from a free kick or penalty, they may calculate it to be advantageous to commit a foul. Such fouls are sometimes referred to as "last man" fouls, referring to the last member of the defending side in a position to stop an attacking player having an obvious goal-scoring opportunity. This is typically the defender in front of the goalkeeper but it can be the goalkeeper. However, the terminology 'last man' is no longer included in the Laws of the Game. The offence is informally known as DOGSO, an acronym for "Denying an Obvious Goal-Scoring Opportunity". An "obvious goalscoring opportunity" means that the attacker has the ball at or near his feet, is close to the goal area and is moving towards the goal, and has no more than one defender or the goalkeeper in his way. These are known by referees as the "4 Ds," and only a foul that has all four must result in a red card. Even with the penalty of a red card for perpetrators, deliberate professional fouls still occur in the game. And in some cases it is even considered the correct play. ===History=== The concept gained notoriety in association football after an infamous incident in the 1980 FA Cup Final when Willie Young of Arsenal committed a deliberate foul on Paul Allen of West Ham, when Allen had a clear run at goal. As the Laws of the Game stood, the referee (George Courtney) could only award West Ham a free kick, which he did. This provoked a national debate on deliberate fouls that denied opponents the chance to score a goal. At the time, the English game was suffering a downturn in attendances and the chairmen of the Football League clubs decided to consider ways in which the game could be made exciting. A subcommittee was appointed to produce some suggestions, chaired by Jimmy Hill and including Matt Busby and Bobby Charlton. The sub-committee produced several suggestions, including making the professional foul a mandatory red card offence, which they submitted to the IFAB for consideration. All the suggestions were defeated. However, the Football League was determined to have their way, and instructed its referees that professional fouls (including deliberate handball to stop a goal being scored) should be deemed serious foul play, which was and is a mandatory red card offence. The new interpretation was first issued to referees prior to the 1982-83 season. FIFA first instructed its referees to send off for a professional foul prior to the 1990 World Cup, and in 1991 IFAB added decisions to the law which provided that a player who committed a foul or handling offence that denied an obvious goal-scoring opportunity should be sent off for serious foul play. These decisions were incorporated in the laws in 1997.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「In various sports, a professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play intended to bring about an advantage for the perpetrator. Professional fouls are usually committed to prevent an opponent from scoring.== Association football == football ) article; caution. -->The most common professional foul in Association football is blocking a player in an advantage position that is not yet close to the goal. Those fouls are usually punished by just a Yellow card, and are considered a fairly advantageous tactic. However, when the fouled player is in a very advanced position, the penalty is harsher, making it an inferior strategy, yet it is still sometimes the correct play. ()The Laws of the Game make specific provision for penalising fouls that are intended to prevent a goal being scored.Should a defending player consider that an attacker is more likely to score from the current playing position than from a free kick or penalty, they may calculate it to be advantageous to commit a foul. Such fouls are sometimes referred to as "last man" fouls, referring to the last member of the defending side in a position to stop an attacking player having an obvious goal-scoring opportunity. This is typically the defender in front of the goalkeeper but it can be the goalkeeper. However, the terminology 'last man' is no longer included in the Laws of the Game.The offence is informally known as DOGSO, an acronym for "Denying an Obvious Goal-Scoring Opportunity". An "obvious goalscoring opportunity" means that the attacker has the ball at or near his feet, is close to the goal area and is moving towards the goal, and has no more than one defender or the goalkeeper in his way. These are known by referees as the "4 Ds," and only a foul that has all four must result in a red card.Even with the penalty of a red card for perpetrators, deliberate professional fouls still occur in the game. And in some cases it is even considered the correct play. ===History===The concept gained notoriety in association football after an infamous incident in the 1980 FA Cup Final when Willie Young of Arsenal committed a deliberate foul on Paul Allen of West Ham, when Allen had a clear run at goal. As the Laws of the Game stood, the referee (George Courtney) could only award West Ham a free kick, which he did. This provoked a national debate on deliberate fouls that denied opponents the chance to score a goal. At the time, the English game was suffering a downturn in attendances and the chairmen of the Football League clubs decided to consider ways in which the game could be made exciting. A subcommittee was appointed to produce some suggestions, chaired by Jimmy Hill and including Matt Busby and Bobby Charlton.The sub-committee produced several suggestions, including making the professional foul a mandatory red card offence, which they submitted to the IFAB for consideration. All the suggestions were defeated. However, the Football League was determined to have their way, and instructed its referees that professional fouls (including deliberate handball to stop a goal being scored) should be deemed serious foul play, which was and is a mandatory red card offence. The new interpretation was first issued to referees prior to the 1982-83 season. FIFA first instructed its referees to send off for a professional foul prior to the 1990 World Cup, and in 1991 IFAB added decisions to the law which provided that a player who committed a foul or handling offence that denied an obvious goal-scoring opportunity should be sent off for serious foul play. These decisions were incorporated in the laws in 1997.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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